The MinangkabauTotal populationapproximately 7 million (2000Regions with a significant number of residentsWest Sumatra, Indonesia: 3,747,343.Greater Jakarta, Indonesia: 636.000.Riau, Indonesia: 534 854.Jambi, Indonesia: 385 734.Sumatera Utara, Indonesia: 306 550.Riau Islands, Indonesia: 111 463.Bengkulu, Indonesia: 66 861.South Sumatra, Indonesia: 64 215.Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia: 450,000.LanguageMinang language, Indonesian and Malay.ReligionIslam.The closest ethnic groupMalay.The Minangkabau or Minang (often called People Padang) is a tribe originating from the province of West Sumatra. These tribes are famous for their traditional matrilineal, although people are very strong Minang embraced Islam. Indigenous basandi Personality ', Personality' basandi Kitabullah
(bersendikan customary law, law bersendikan Qur'an) is a reflection of
traditional Minang based on Islam.Minang tribe is especially prominent in the field of education and trade. More than half of the total number of members of this tribe are in overseas. Minang overseas generally live in large cities, such as Jakarta, Bandung, Pekanbaru, Medan, Batam, Palembang and Surabaya. For
outside the territory of Indonesia, Minang tribe is widely available in
Malaysia (especially Negeri Sembilan) and Singapore. Throughout Indonesia and even in foreign countries, the typical
cuisine of this tribe is popularly known as Padang cuisine, very
popular.Minangkabau is the venue for the Padri war that occurred in 1804 -
1837. The defeat in that war causes these tribes under the authority of
the Dutch East Indies colonial government.Ethnic tribes in MinangkabauIn Minangkabau ethnic clans there are many, who by his own Minang people simply referred to as tribes. Some of them are ethnic tribes Piliang, Bodi Caniago, Tanjuang, Koto, Sikumbang, Malay, Jambak; in addition there are also fractional parts of the main tribes. Sometimes several families of the same tribe, living in a house called the Tower House.In the early days of Minangkabau culture, there are only four parts of two lareh (barrel) or kelarasan. The tribes are:• Spare Koto• Spare Piliang• Body Parts• Spare CaniagoAnd two kelarasan it is:1. Lareh Koto Piliang initiated by Datuk Ketumanggungan2. adat perpatih, initiated by Datuk Perpatih Nan SycamoreThe difference between the two kelarasan it is:• Lareh Koto Piliang adopts a culture of aristocracy Militeristic [citation needed]• adat perpatih adopts a culture of socialist democracy [citation needed]In the later period, there arose a new kelarasan named Lareh Nan Panjang, initiated by the World Sakalok Datuk nan Bamego-mego. Now
the tribes in Minangkabau developing steadily and has reached hundreds
of tribes, which sometimes are difficult to find similarities with the
parent tribe. Among these tribes are:• Tribe Cape• Spare Sikumbang• Spare Sipisang• Spare Bendang• The Malays (Minang)• Spare Jar• Spare Panai• Spare Jambak• Kutianyie tribe or tribe Koto Anyie• Spare Kampai• Spare Payobada• Pitopang tribe or tribe Patopang• Spare Mandailiang• Spare Mandaliko• Spare Sumagek• Spare Dalimo• Spare Simabua• Spare Salo• Singkuang tribe or tribe SingkawangEtymologyMinangkabau name comes from two words, Minang (win) and Kabau (buffalo). The name comes from a legend. It is said that in the 13th century, royal Singasari an expedition to the Minangkabau. To prevent the fighting, local communities propose to pitting buffalo buffalo Minang with Java. Majapahit troops agreed with the proposal and provide a buffalo were large and aggressive. While the Minang community presents a hungry baby buffalo with a knife given to the horns. In
battle, it was looking for buffalo calves Java and immediately ripped
his stomach, because it thought the buffalo was its mother who wanted to
breastfeed. Tersebutlah Minang community brilliance that inspired the name of Minangkabau.But
from some other sources mention that the name Minangkabau existed long
before the buffalo race events occur, where previously the more accurate
term is "Minangkabwa", "Minangakamwa", "Minangatamwan" and
"Phinangkabhu". The
term Minangakamwa or Minangkamba means Minang (river) Twins that refer
to two rivers namely Kampar Kampar Kiri and Sungai Kampar Kanan. While Minangatamwan term that refers to the Kampar River is mentioned
in the inscription Kedukan Hill where there is mentioned that the
founder of the kingdom of Srivijaya named Dapunta Hyang mass migration
of Kampar River upstream (Minangatamwan) located in the vicinity of the
Fifty Cities, West Sumatra.OriginMinang
tribe is part of the community Deutro Malay (Melayu Muda) who migrated
from the South to the Chinese mainland Sumatra island around 2500-2000
years ago. It
is estimated that this group of people coming from the east of the
island of Sumatra, along the Kampar river flow or Minangkamwa
(Minangatamwan) to arrive at the plateau Luhak nan Tigo (darek). Then from Luhak nan Tigo Minang tribe is spread to the coastal areas
(pasisie) on the west coast of Sumatra island, which stretches from
north to Kerinci Barus in the south.In addition to coming from Luhak nan Tigo, coastal communities are also many who came from South India and Persia. The society in which migration occurs when the west coast of Sumatra
became an alternative port of Malacca trade besides, when the kingdom
fell into the hands of the Portuguese.social CommunityMinangkabau region consists of many villages. Nagari is an autonomous region with the highest authority in Minangkabau. No other social and political power that could interfere with customary in a village. Different Nagari will likely have different customs typical. Each village is led by a board comprising of tribal leaders from all tribes in the villages. This council is called the density of Adat Nagari (KAN). From the result of deliberation and consensus within the council is a decision and binding rules for the village was generated.Minangkabau OverseasTotal OverseasTRADITIONAL TOOLSKarihTRADITIONAL CLOTHES MINANG Kabauhouse TowerMinangkabau overseas is the term for the Minangkabau people living outside the province of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Minangkabau people migrated ethic is very high, even the highest predicted in Indonesia. From
the results of studies that have been done by Mohctar Naim, in 1961
there were approximately 32% of Minang people who reside outside of West
Sumatra. Then
in 1971 the number increased to 44%. [2] According to the 2000 census,
Minang tribe who lived in West Sumatra amounted to 3.7 million people.
[3] With an estimated 7 million people worldwide Minang, means more than
half Minang people are overseas. Looking
at the data, then there is a substantial change in the ethos of the
Minangkabau people migrated than other tribes in Indonesia. For according to the 1930 census, immigrants Minangkabau just 10.5% below the Bawean (35.9%), Batak (14.3%), and Banjar (14.2%).Minang food KabaurendangOverseas waveGoing away on ethnic Minang has lasted long enough. The
first large-scale migration occurred in the 14th century, where many
families Minang moving to the east coast of Sumatra to Negeri Sembilan,
Malaysia. Along with the wave of migration towards the east, and the displacement of Minang people to the west coast of Sumatra. Along this coast Minang colonies established trademarks, such as in Meulaboh, Aceh place known as Minang descent Aneuk Jamee. After the Sultanate of Malacca fell to the Portuguese in 1511, many families who move to the Minangkabau South Sulawesi. They became a royalist Gowa, as a trader and administrator of the kingdom. Datuk Tuan Makotta with his wife Sitti, as a forerunner to the
Minangkabau family in Sulawesi. [4] The next wave of migration occurred
in the 18th century, when Minangkabau get the privilege to inhabit
Riau-Lingga Sultanate.During
the colonial period the Dutch East Indies, the massive migration
occurred in 1920, when a tobacco plantation in Deli Serdang, Sumatera
East was opened. At the time of independence, overseas Minang inhabit many big cities in Java, especially Jakarta. Now Minang overseas almost spread all over the world.overseas PropertyAt
the end of the 18th century, many students Minang who migrated to Mecca
to explore the religion of Islam, including Haji Miskin, Piobang Haji
and Haji Sumanik. On arrival in the country, they spread the pure Islamic thought, and became a strong advocate Padri movement in Minangkabau. The
second wave of overseas to the Middle East occurred at the beginning of
the 20th century, led by Abdul Karim Amrullah, Tahir Jalaluddin, and
Muhammad Jamil Jambek. Many Minang settled and successful in Mecca, among them is Ahmad Khatib who became imam of Al-Haram MosqueIn addition to the Middle East, Minangkabau too many students who migrate to Europe. They include Abdoel Rival, Mohammad Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir, Rustam Effendi, and Nazir Pamuntjak. Other
intellectuals, Tan Malaka, nomadic in eight European countries and
Asia, building a network of Asian independence movements. All students Minang, who migrated to Europe since the end of the 19th
century, became a freedom fighter and founder of the Republic of
Indonesia.because WanderCultural factorsThere are many explanations of this phenomenon, one reason is the matrilineal kinship system. With this system, the mastery of treasures held by women, while the rights of the man in this case is quite small. This is why men choose to wander Minang. Now the woman was already prevalent Minangkabau wander. Not only for reasons follow their husbands, but also because they want to trade, career and continuing education.According
to Rudolf Mrazek, the Dutch sociologist, two typologies of Minang
culture, namely dynamism and anti-parochialism gave birth to an
independent life, cosmopolitan, egalitarian, and broad-minded, this led
to migrate to the embedded culture of Minangkabau society. Spirit to change the fate of the pursuit of knowledge and property, as
well as the Minang proverb which says Ka ratau Madang ago, babuah
babungo square (better away from home because of the kampong yet useful)
results in youth Minang to go wander young age.Economic factorsAnother
explanation is that population growth is not accompanied by an increase
in the natural resources that could be processed. If
the first agricultural and plantation, the main source of life where
they can support the family, then now is the result of natural resources
which become their main income was not enough anymore to give the
results to meet together, as it should be shared by several families. In addition it is the growth of new opportunities with the opening of the plantation and mining areas. It is these factors which led the Minang people away from home to try his luck abroad. For the first arrival to the land of shoreline, usually the nomads settled first at home dunsanak regarded as landlady. These new migrants typically work as small traders.Minangkabau and Its achievementsMinang
tribe is famous as the tribe learned, therefore they also spread
throughout Indonesia and even foreign countries in a variety of
professions and skills, among others, as politicians, writers, scholars,
teachers, journalists and traders. Based
on the number of relatively small population (2.7% of the population of
Indonesia), Minangkabau is one of the most successful parts with many
achievements. Tempo magazine in a special edition in 2000 noted that 6 out of 10
important figures Indonesia in the 20th century was the Minang.Since
the first Minang people have migrated to various parts of Java,
Sulawesi, peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, to the Philippines. In 1390, King Bagindo founded the Sultanate of Sulu in the southern Philippines. In
the 14th century the Minang people migrating to Negeri Sembilan,
Malaysia and raised the king to the new country from among them. Raja Melewar is the first king Negeri Sembilan lifted in 1773. In the
late 16th century, scholars Minangkabau Bandang and Dato Dato Ri Ri
Tiro, spreading Islam in eastern Indonesia and Islamize the kingdom of
Gowa.The arrival of Muslim reformers who studied in Cairo and Mecca affect the education system in Minangkabau. Sumatra modern Islamic school Thawalib and Diniyah daughter gave birth
to many activists that many involved in the process of independence,
among other things A.R Sutan Mansur, Sirajuddin Abbas, and Jamaladin
Tamin.In the period 1920 - 1960 many influential politicians Indonesia originating from the Minangkabau. After
independence, four Minangkabau sit as prime minister (Sutan Sjahrir,
Mohammad Hatta, Abdul Halim, Muhammad Natsir), a vice-president
(Mohammad Hatta), a president of the Republic of Indonesia under the RIS
(Assaat), one becomes a leader of parliament (Chaerul Saleh), and dozens who became a minister, among which is quite famous being Agus Salim and Muhammad Yamin. In addition to the government, in the Liberal Democratic Indonesian parliament is dominated by politicians Minang. They are incorporated into a wide variety of parties and ideologies, Islamists, nationalists, Communists and Socialists. Besides
the governor of the Province of Central Sumatra / West Sumatra,
Minangkabau people also sit as governor other provinces in Indonesia. They are Datuk Djamin (West Java), Muhammad Djosan and Muhammad Padang
(Maluku), Datuk Anwar Madjo Basa Nan Kuniang (Central Sulawesi), Adnan
Kapau Gani (South Sumatra), Datuk Djamin Bagindo (Jambi).Author and journalist Minang influenced the development of Indonesian. They developed the Indonesian through a variety of professions and fields of expertise. Marah Rusli, Abdul Muis, Sutan Alisjahbana, Idrus, Hamka, and A.A Navis as a novelist. Anwar and Taufik Ismail through poetry, as well as Abdul Rival,
Jamaladin Adinegoro, Rosihan Anwar and Ani Idrus as a journalist.In Indonesia and Malaysia, in addition to the Chinese, Minang people are also well-known as an accomplished businessman. Many
entrepreneurs Minang successful business in the field of textile trade,
restaurants, hospitality, education, and hospitals. Abdul Latif and Tunku Tan Sri Abdullah is a successful entrepreneur figure Minangkabau.Many people Minang successful in the entertainment world, both as a director, producer, singer, and artist. Among them is Usmar Ismail, Abd Sani, Arizal, Ani Sumadi, Soekarno M. Noer, and Dorce Gamalama.Minangkabau
people also contribute greatly in Malaysia and Singapore, among others
Tuanku Abdul Rahman (Yang Di-Pertuan Agung first Malaysia), Yusof bin
Ishak (the first president of Singapore), Zubir Said (composer of the
national anthem of Singapore Majulah Singapore), Rais Yatim, Tan Sri
Abdul Samad Idris and Adnan Saidi. In the Netherlands, Rustam Effendi who represents the Communist Party
of the Netherlands, being the only Indonesian who had sat as a member of
parliament.traders MinangkabauMinangkabau traders refer to the profession of a group of people who come from the realm of Minangkabau. Besides
the medical profession, teachers, and scholars, becoming a merchant is a
livelihood for the majority of Minangkabau society. Usually this profession became a stepping stone for immigrants upon arrival at Minangkabau overseas.HistoryMinangkabau wholesalers have menjejakan feet since the 7th century. They became influential traders operating on the west coast and the east coast of Sumatra. Minang
many merchants selling crops such as pepper, which they brought from
inland Minangkabau into the waterway through large rivers like Kampar,
Indragiri, and Batang Hari. Since the appearance of the kingdom of Srivijaya, many Minangkabau traders who work for the kingdom. Along
the west coast of Sumatra, these traders open trading posts in the main
cities of Aceh to Bengkulu, such as Meulaboh, Barus, Tiku, Pariaman,
Padang and Bengkulu. Role of Minangkabau merchants began to decline since mastered the west coast of Sumatra by the Sultanate of Aceh.The
emergence of the Padri in West Sumatra at the end of the 18th century, a
revival of Minangkabau merchants pioneered by the Wahabi clerics. This merchant regain the threat of colonial Dutch East Indies since the opening of the Dutch trading post in Padang. Padri War that lasted for more than 30 years has destroyed trade
Minangkabau once under colonial domination this area Dutch East Indies.In
the 1950s, many successful traders who do business among Minangkabau
Hashim Ning, Rahman Tamin, Agus Musin Dasaad, and Sidi Tando. During the New Order, the government policies that favor Chinese traders very detrimental Minangkabau traders. Difficulties experienced by traders trying Minang at that time,
especially the issue of capital in bank loans and business licenses.Type of businessRestaurantThe restaurant business is a type of business that many hailed by traders Minang. Minang
restaurant chain or commonly known as Padang restaurants scattered
throughout cities in Indonesia, even down to Malaysia and Singapore. Besides,
there are also businesses that are typical restaurants and trademarks
are undertaken by the merchant from a specific area. Traders origin Kapau, Agam usually sells rice, known as Nasi Ramas Kapau. Pariaman many merchants who sell Sate Padang. While traders Kubang origin, Fifty Cities become a seller martabak, with its trademark Martabak Kubang. Simple
restaurant pioneered by Bustamam become the largest restaurant chain
Padang with more than 60 branches spread all over Indonesia. In Malaysia, Ratu Sari Restaurant which was founded by Junaidi bin Jaba, one Padang restaurant successful.textilesIn traditional markets major cities of Indonesia, Minangkabau traders wrestle many textile trade. In
Jakarta, the Minangkabau traders dominate traditional trading centers,
such as Pasar Tanah Abang, Pasar Senen, Pasar Blok M, Jatinegara Market
and Market Bendungan Hilir. Dominance Minangkabau textile merchants also occurred in Medan and Pekan Baru. If
in Medan Pasar Sukaramai Minangkabau traders dominate, then they are
dominant in Pekan Baru in Central Market and Lower Market. In Surabaya, home textiles Minang traders often found in Pasar Turi.CraftMinang people do a lot of trade of handicrafts. These merchants are many who wrestle silver, gold, and shoes. Most of them come from Silungkang, Sawahlunto and Clever Sikek, Tanah Datar.Besides,
too much to wrestle the sale and purchase of antiques, where the
business is usually cultivated by merchants origin Puar River, Agam. Antique dealer Minangkabau were encountered in Cikini, Central Jakarta and Ciputat, South TangerangPrintingPrinting business is that many types of businesses are run by merchants Minang. They lead a printing business includes printing invitations and books. Even from the printing business has grown into a book publishing business and bookstore. Printing businesses more involved in the origin merchants Hard Water, Solok. One of the figures in the business success of this printing is H.M Arbie based in the city of Medan.Hotel and TravelBusiness tourism, especially the network of hospitality and travel are also more involved in Minangkabau entrepreneurs. In Jakarta, Grand Menteng Hotel network is the largest network-owned hotel business Minang people. In Pekan Baru, in addition to the Best Western Hotel belongs Basrizal Koto, there is Hotel Prince owned by Sutan Prince. Business travel in the respective fields by businessmen from Payakumbuh, Rahimi Sutan under the banner Natrabu Tour.EducationBusiness education is also an option for people Minang. This effort is usually hailed by educators who initially worked in a public school or private. From this experience, they can develop schools, universities, or courses themselves were eventually grow professionally. In Jakarta, there are at least three universities belonging to the
Minang, namely Jayabaya University YAI Persada Indonesia University, and
the University of Borobudur.MediaA talent for writing and journalism which is owned by the Minang, has spawned several major media companies in Indonesia. Among
others are newspapers Oetoesan Melajoe founded by Sutan Maharaja in
1915, the magazine Panji Masyarakat established by Hamka, newspapers
guidelines established by Rosihan Anwar, newspapers Alert founded by Ani
K., magazines Kartini founded by Lukman Umar, Femina magazine which founded by the children of Sutan Alisjahbana, and TV One television network set up by Abdul Latif.financeBusiness in the financial industry, such as banking, securities, and insurance is also an option for employers Minang. Even
employers Minang, Sutan Sjahsam who is also the brother of Indonesia's
first prime minister Sutan Sjahrir, a pioneer in the Indonesian capital
market. Sjahsam also a stockbroker and established a securities company, Perdanas. Besides Sjahsam, economist Sjahrir was also active in the securities business by establishing a company Syahrir Securities. In the banking business, there are other Minang businessmen, Anwar Sutan Saidi, who founded the National Bank in 1930.gathering merchantsTo build a network and relationship between traders Minangkabau, then held a meeting known as the Gathering of merchant Minang. This gathering was first held in Padang in 2007 which was attended by no less than 700 Minang businessmen from around the world.successful traders• Djohor Soetan Perpatih, became a successful merchant in the 1930s. Together with his brother Johan Soetan Soelaiman, he set up shop Johan
Djohor the notoriously discounting goods that caused the Chinese stores
in Pasar Senen, Pasar Baru, and Kramat (all three were in Jakarta)
lowering the price of the merchandise.• Hashim Ning is a businessman Minang since the era of the Old Order. The business is in the automotive field, namely as the sole agent of cars from Europe and the United States. Hashim press once dubbed as the "King of Cars and Henry Ford Indonesia". He
was accused of being a puppet of capitalist when in 1954 the company he
leads, Indonesia Service Company, received a soft loan of 2.6 million
dollars from the Development Loan Fund. In addition Hashim also penetrated the hospitality business and travel agency.• Abdul Latif is a figure of a successful businessman Minangkabau in Jakarta. Abdul Latif business includes property and media under the banner Alatief Corporation. Pasaraya and TV One is the largest company-owned Latif. In addition to success as an entrepreneur, Latif also served as Minister of Labor in the New Order government.• Basrizal Koto is a businessman from Pariaman is in the business of media, hotels, mining, and livestock. Basko Basrizal known to have a hotel based in Pekan Baru and Padang. In addition he has the largest cattle ranches in Southeast Asia.• Rahimi Sutan, Minangkabau successful entrepreneurs in business travel, travel agencies, and restaurants. Currently Natrabu Tour, his travel company, scattered across tourist
destinations in Indonesia, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United
States.• Fahmi Idris is one of the Minang businessman who is also a politician. Fahmi Kodel establish business group engaged in trade, industry and investment. Fahmi, who has been in business since 1967, had dropped out of the UI to start entrepreneurship.• Judge Datuk Thantawi, a businessman engaged in mining and trade under the banner Taha Group.• Tunku Tan Sri Abdullah, a Minang-Malaysian businessmen were quite successful. Under the banner of Melewar Corporation, its business covers steel production and manufacturing.
0 comments:
Post a Comment